{"id":18963,"date":"2023-05-18T09:31:37","date_gmt":"2023-05-18T09:31:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/a-historia-da-gestao-do-sangue-dos-doentes\/"},"modified":"2024-03-28T06:17:28","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T06:17:28","slug":"a-historia-da-gestao-do-sangue-dos-doentes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/aprenda\/a-historia-da-gestao-do-sangue-dos-doentes\/","title":{"rendered":"A hist\u00f3ria da gest\u00e3o do sangue dos doentes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group sidebar-navigation-layout is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-top about is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top about-navigation is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-column-is-layout-8c890d92 wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\"><nav class=\"is-vertical sidebar-navigation wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex\" aria-label=\"Navega\u00e7\u00e3o na barra lateral\"><ul class=\"wp-block-navigation__container  is-vertical sidebar-navigation wp-block-navigation\"><li data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;submenuOpenedBy&quot;: { &quot;click&quot;: false, &quot;hover&quot;: false, &quot;focus&quot;: false }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;submenu&quot;, &quot;modal&quot;: null }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-on-async--mouseenter=\"actions.openMenuOnHover\" data-wp-on-async--mouseleave=\"actions.closeMenuOnHover\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-child open-on-hover-click sidebar-navigation__learn wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/\" title=\"Learn about IFPBM\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Aprenda<\/span><\/a><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Submenu de Aprenda\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\" ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><ul data-wp-on-async--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container sidebar-navigation__learn wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;submenuOpenedBy&quot;: { &quot;click&quot;: false, &quot;hover&quot;: false, &quot;focus&quot;: false }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;submenu&quot;, &quot;modal&quot;: null }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-on-async--mouseenter=\"actions.openMenuOnHover\" data-wp-on-async--mouseleave=\"actions.closeMenuOnHover\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-child open-on-hover-click wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/what-is-patient-blood-management\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">O que \u00e9 PBM?<\/span><\/a><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Submenu de O que \u00e9 PBM?\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\" ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><ul data-wp-on-async--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/the-history-of-patient-blood-management\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Hist\u00f3ria da PBM<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;submenuOpenedBy&quot;: { &quot;click&quot;: false, &quot;hover&quot;: false, &quot;focus&quot;: false }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;submenu&quot;, &quot;modal&quot;: null }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-on-async--mouseenter=\"actions.openMenuOnHover\" data-wp-on-async--mouseleave=\"actions.closeMenuOnHover\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-child open-on-hover-click wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/patient-advice\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Conselhos aos doentes<\/span><\/a><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Submenu de Conselhos aos doentes\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\" ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><ul data-wp-on-async--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/patient-advice\/why-your-blood-is-important\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Import\u00e2ncia do sangue<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/patient-advice\/what-your-doctor-should-tell-you\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">O que o seu m\u00e9dico lhe deve dizer<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/patient-advice\/how-to-manage-the-doctor-patient-relationship\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Rela\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dico\/paciente<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/patient-advice\/two-simple-questions-to-ask-your-doctor\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">3 perguntas simples para fazer ao seu m\u00e9dico<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;submenuOpenedBy&quot;: { &quot;click&quot;: false, &quot;hover&quot;: false, &quot;focus&quot;: false }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;submenu&quot;, &quot;modal&quot;: null }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-on-async--mouseenter=\"actions.openMenuOnHover\" data-wp-on-async--mouseleave=\"actions.closeMenuOnHover\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-child open-on-hover-click wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/patient-blood-management-for-clinicians\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">PBM &#8211; Profissionais de sa\u00fade<\/span><\/a><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Submenu de PBM - Profissionais de sa\u00fade\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\" ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><ul data-wp-on-async--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/patient-blood-management-for-clinicians\/patient-blood-management-how-ifpbm-can-support-you\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Como o IFPBM pode apoi\u00e1-lo<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/learn\/patient-blood-management-for-clinicians\/what-you-should-know-about-pbm\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Saiba mais sobre o PBM<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/ifpbm.org\/about\/contribute-to-ifpbm-research\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;submenuOpenedBy&quot;: { &quot;click&quot;: false, &quot;hover&quot;: false, &quot;focus&quot;: false }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;submenu&quot;, &quot;modal&quot;: null }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-on-async--mouseenter=\"actions.openMenuOnHover\" data-wp-on-async--mouseleave=\"actions.closeMenuOnHover\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-child open-on-hover-click sidebar-navigation__resources wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/ifpbm-professional-resources\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Recursos profissionais do IFPBM<\/span><\/a><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Submenu de Recursos profissionais do IFPBM\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\" ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><ul data-wp-on-async--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container sidebar-navigation__resources wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/r\/articles\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Artigos<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/r\/videos\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">V\u00eddeos<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/r\/textbooks\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Livros did\u00e1cticos<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/r\/guidelines\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Directrizes<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/r\/conferences\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Confer\u00eancias<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/speakers\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Altifalantes<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/r\/links\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Liga\u00e7\u00f5es<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;submenuOpenedBy&quot;: { &quot;click&quot;: false, &quot;hover&quot;: false, &quot;focus&quot;: false }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;submenu&quot;, &quot;modal&quot;: null }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-on-async--mouseenter=\"actions.openMenuOnHover\" data-wp-on-async--mouseleave=\"actions.closeMenuOnHover\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-child open-on-hover-click sidebar-navigation__about wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/ifpbm.org\/about\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Sobre<\/span><\/a><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Submenu de Sobre\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\" ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><ul data-wp-on-async--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container sidebar-navigation__about wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;submenuOpenedBy&quot;: { &quot;click&quot;: false, &quot;hover&quot;: false, &quot;focus&quot;: false }, &quot;type&quot;: &quot;submenu&quot;, &quot;modal&quot;: null }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-on-async--mouseenter=\"actions.openMenuOnHover\" data-wp-on-async--mouseleave=\"actions.closeMenuOnHover\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-child open-on-hover-click wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/ifpbm.org\/board-trustees\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Conselho de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Submenu de Conselho de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\" ><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><ul data-wp-on-async--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/ifpbm.org\/hans-gombotz\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Prof. Dr. Hans Gombotz<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/ifpbm.org\/scientific-associates\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Associados cient\u00edficos<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/ifpbm.org\/about\/contact-us\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Contacte-nos<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/ifpbm.org\/about\/network-with-ifpbm\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Rede<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/ifpbm-professional-resources\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Apoio \/ Colabora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\"  href=\"https:\/\/ifpbm.org\/donate\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Doar<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:80%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">A hist\u00f3ria da transfus\u00e3o de sangue<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>O m\u00e9dico brit\u00e2nico William Harvey descreveu completamente a circula\u00e7\u00e3o e as propriedades do sangue em 1628 e as transfus\u00f5es de sangue foram tentadas sem sucesso pouco tempo depois. 40 anos mais tarde, o m\u00e9dico do rei franc\u00eas Lu\u00eds XIV efectuou a transfus\u00e3o de sangue de uma ovelha para um rapaz de 15 anos que sobreviveu \u00e0 prova. As transfus\u00f5es raramente eram efectuadas, pois a cren\u00e7a comum era que a sangria do doente teria melhores resultados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Em 1901, <strong>o m\u00e9dico austr\u00edaco Karl Landsteiner documentou os primeiros grupos sangu\u00edneos humanos, A, B e O<\/strong>, e estabeleceu os princ\u00edpios b\u00e1sicos da compatibilidade ABO.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, descobriu-se que os anticoagulantes, como o citrato de s\u00f3dio, prolongavam o prazo de validade do sangue e a refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o foi introduzida num esfor\u00e7o para o conservar ainda mais tempo. Depois da guerra, Edwin Cohn desenvolveu o fracionamento do etanol a frio, um m\u00e9todo de decomposi\u00e7\u00e3o do sangue nas suas partes componentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No entanto, foi<strong> durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial que a transfus\u00e3o de sangue em larga escala foi introduzida.<\/strong> Foram desenvolvidos m\u00e9todos de armazenamento de sangue que permitiram que este precioso recurso fosse disponibilizado no campo de batalha e desenvolveu-se uma ind\u00fastria em torno da sua recolha, armazenamento e fornecimento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No final da guerra, esta nova ind\u00fastria comercializou efetivamente os seus servi\u00e7os a hospitais e institui\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas. Num mundo p\u00f3s-guerra, o slogan &#8220;o sangue salva vidas&#8221; era dificilmente questionado &#8211; afinal, n\u00e3o tinha salvo in\u00fameras vidas em tempo de guerra? <strong>A transfus\u00e3o de sangue era considerada segura<\/strong> e foi prontamente introduzida em todas as formas de cirurgia.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Com pouca ou nenhuma investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para provar o contr\u00e1rio, a transfus\u00e3o tornou-se aceite como a posi\u00e7\u00e3o padr\u00e3o para a medicina e cirurgia a n\u00edvel mundial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-teal-color has-text-color\">Os primeiros dias da medicina e da cirurgia sem sangue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>No entanto, houve quem questionasse a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o liberal de sangue e visse cada vez mais provas de que a cirurgia sem transfus\u00e3o de sangue poderia produzir resultados t\u00e3o bons ou melhores nos doentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Entre estes <strong>pioneiros da medicina<\/strong> e cirurgia <strong>sem sangue<\/strong> encontra-se o cirurgi\u00e3o americano Denton Cooley, geralmente reconhecido como o &#8220;pai da cirurgia moderna sem sangue&#8221;. Em 1957, Denton Cooley, a trabalhar no Texas Heart Institute, efectuou uma cirurgia de cora\u00e7\u00e3o aberto sem recorrer a uma transfus\u00e3o de sangue &#8211; uma proeza e tanto, uma vez que, nessa altura, eram geralmente utilizadas at\u00e9 12 unidades de sangue apenas para preparar a m\u00e1quina cora\u00e7\u00e3o-pulm\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 medida que foram sendo desenvolvidas outras t\u00e9cnicas para evitar a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de sangue, surgiu o termo &#8220;cirurgia sem sangue&#8221;. O Dr. Cooley efectuou centenas de opera\u00e7\u00f5es com sucesso, evitando as complica\u00e7\u00f5es frequentemente associadas \u00e0 transfus\u00e3o.  <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/302345\" target=\"_blank\">Artigo: Publica\u00e7\u00e3o do Dr. Cooley de 1977<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><video controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/denton_poster.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Dr-Denton-Cooley.mp4\"><track src=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cooley.en_.vtt\" label=\"English\" srclang=\"en\" kind=\"subtitles\"\/><track src=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cooley.zh_.vtt\" label=\"Chinese\" srclang=\"zh\" kind=\"subtitles\"\/><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Na d\u00e9cada de 1970, outros cirurgi\u00f5es relatavam um sucesso semelhante com a cirurgia sem sangue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Em 1973, o cirurgi\u00e3o card\u00edaco  <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11748-016-0624-5\" target=\"_blank\">O Dr. Jerome Kay<\/a>, escrevendo em  <em>O Journal of the American Medical Association,<\/em> registou um sucesso semelhante: &#8220;J\u00e1 efectu\u00e1mos cerca de 6000 opera\u00e7\u00f5es de cora\u00e7\u00e3o aberto no Hospital de Saint Vincent em Los Angeles. Uma vez que n\u00e3o utiliz\u00e1mos sangue na maioria dos pacientes, temos a impress\u00e3o de que os pacientes se saem melhor&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Al\u00e9m disso, <strong>na d\u00e9cada de 1970, foi criado na Calif\u00f3rnia o Instituto de Medicina e Cirurgia sem Sangue.<\/strong> Dirigido pelo cirurgi\u00e3o Ron Lapin e pelo anestesista Fred Garcia, o instituto reuniu um programa formal e coordenado especializado em todas as disciplinas da cirurgia sem sangue. Em 1986, milhares de pacientes tinham sido submetidos a grandes cirurgias e anestesias sem a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de sangue ou de produtos sangu\u00edneos &#8211; mesmo opera\u00e7\u00f5es de emerg\u00eancia tinham sido efectuadas com sucesso em pacientes que tinham perdido at\u00e9 90% do seu volume sangu\u00edneo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-teal-color has-text-color\">SIDA e sangue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Em 1981, os Centros de Controlo e Preven\u00e7\u00e3o de Doen\u00e7as<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\">(CDC<\/a>) dos EUA alertaram a ind\u00fastria do sangue para uma amea\u00e7a emergente. O Dr. Bruce Evatt, especialista em hemofilia, identificou um aumento de casos de pneumonia por Pneumonocystis carinii (PCP) em hemof\u00edlicos, atribuindo-o ao uso do Fator VIII, uma prote\u00edna essencial para a coagula\u00e7\u00e3o do sangue distribu\u00edda pela ind\u00fastria do sangue. Os autores tamb\u00e9m registaram a ocorr\u00eancia de um conjunto de casos de um cancro raro, o Sarcoma de Kaposi, entre um grupo de homens homossexuais nos EUA, quase todos fatais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Um ano mais tarde, o termo SIDA (s\u00edndrome da imunodefici\u00eancia adquirida) foi utilizado pela primeira vez e definido como:<em>  &#8220;uma doen\u00e7a pelo menos moderadamente previs\u00edvel de um defeito na imunidade mediada por c\u00e9lulas, que ocorre numa pessoa sem caso conhecido de resist\u00eancia diminu\u00edda a essa doen\u00e7a.&#8221;<\/em> <strong>Em 1984, os investigadores identificaram a causa como sendo o V\u00edrus da Imunodefici\u00eancia Humana (VIH), transmitido atrav\u00e9s do contacto sexual, da partilha de agulhas e de produtos sangu\u00edneos.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A ind\u00fastria do sangue teve de agir e, em 1985, foram introduzidos testes de rastreio do v\u00edrus no sangue. Infelizmente, este atraso foi desastroso para os hemaf\u00edlicos, tendo muitos contra\u00eddo a doen\u00e7a atrav\u00e9s da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos sangu\u00edneos. Na d\u00e9cada de 1990, foram introduzidas condi\u00e7\u00f5es mais restritivas para os dadores de sangue e um melhor tratamento dos produtos sangu\u00edneos &#8211; atualmente, a incid\u00eancia da infe\u00e7\u00e3o pelo VIH transmitida pelo sangue \u00e9 baixa nos pa\u00edses desenvolvidos. No entanto, o VIH continua a ser uma preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o a n\u00edvel mundial. De acordo com a <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/data\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\">Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial de Sa\u00fade<\/a>, em 2014, 36,9 pessoas viviam com VIH no mundo. Em 2014, registaram-se tamb\u00e9m 1,2 milh\u00f5es de mortes por SIDA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A epidemia de SIDA p\u00f4s em evid\u00eancia os benef\u00edcios \u00f3bvios de uma alternativa que reduz ou elimina a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos sangu\u00edneos alog\u00e9nicos.<\/strong>  O interesse e a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em programas e t\u00e9cnicas de cirurgia sem sangue aceleraram juntamente com o n\u00famero de institui\u00e7\u00f5es dispostas a oferecer esta forma de tratamento alternativo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-teal-color has-text-color\">Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es para a mudan\u00e7a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Juntamente com os muitos programas sem sangue oferecidos em hospitais de todo o mundo, no final da d\u00e9cada de 1990, come\u00e7aram a surgir organiza\u00e7\u00f5es empenhadas numa nova forma de pensar. A gest\u00e3o do sangue seria o novo padr\u00e3o de cuidados e a transfus\u00e3o a alternativa. Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es como a  <strong>Sociedade para o Avan\u00e7o da Gest\u00e3o do Sangue<\/strong> (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sabm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">SABM<\/a>), a <strong>Network for the Advancement of Transfusion Alternatives<\/strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nataonline.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">(NATA<\/a>), a <strong>Australasian Association for Blood Conservation<\/strong> (AABC) e a <strong>Medical Society for Blood Management <\/strong>(MSBM) procuraram alargar a base de informa\u00e7\u00e3o promovendo e apoiando a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e a colabora\u00e7\u00e3o no dom\u00ednio da gest\u00e3o do sangue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Um ponto de viragem ocorreu em 2009, quando a SABM e a MSBM organizaram a <strong>Confer\u00eancia Internacional de Consenso sobre os Resultados da Transfus\u00e3o (ICCTO)<\/strong>. Peritos internacionais da U.S. Food and Drug Administration, da The <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jointcommission.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Joint Commission,<\/a> da <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.redcross.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cruz Vermelha Americana<\/a> e da <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.redcross.org.au\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cruz Vermelha Australiana <\/a>abordaram o potencial de danos associados a transfus\u00f5es de sangue desnecess\u00e1rias. Os resultados foram publicados em 2011 no artigo: <em>Appropriateness of Allogeneic Red Blood Cell Transfusion (Adequa\u00e7\u00e3o da transfus\u00e3o alog\u00e9nica de gl\u00f3bulos vermelhos): The International Consensus Conference on Transfusion Outcomes.<\/em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21498040\" target=\"_blank\">(Resumo<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O crescente volume de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o que mostrava os benef\u00edcios da redu\u00e7\u00e3o ou elimina\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos sangu\u00edneos estava a come\u00e7ar a ser notado por hospitais, governos e organismos reguladores em todo o mundo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">A hist\u00f3ria da gest\u00e3o do sangue dos doentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-teal-color has-text-color\">A gest\u00e3o do sangue dos doentes \u00e9 definida<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p> <strong>Em 1988, o Professor James Isbister, um hematologista australiano, prop\u00f4s pela primeira vez uma mudan\u00e7a de paradigma, voltando a centrar-se no doente.<\/strong> <em><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-abc=\"true\" contenteditable=\"false\" style=\"cursor: pointer;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3347185\" target=\"_blank\">(Artigo: A mudan\u00e7a de paradigma na transfus\u00e3o de sangue)<\/a> <\/em>Em 2005, escreveu um artigo na revista &#8220;Updates in Blood Conservation and Transfusion Alternatives&#8221;. Neste artigo, o Prof. Isbister cunhou o termo &#8220;gest\u00e3o do sangue do doente&#8221;, referindo que o foco deve ser alterado do produto para o doente.  <em>Para ler este artigo, clique na imagem abaixo.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized has-custom-border\"><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Updates_Vol2_Dec_2005.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Updates_Vol2_Dec_2005-230x300.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15573\" style=\"border-width:1px\" width=\"244\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Updates_Vol2_Dec_2005-230x300.png 230w, https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Updates_Vol2_Dec_2005-786x1024.png 786w, https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Updates_Vol2_Dec_2005-768x1001.png 768w, https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Updates_Vol2_Dec_2005.png 802w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 244px) 100vw, 244px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Actualiza\u00e7\u00f5es em alternativas de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e transfus\u00e3o de sangue, dezembro de 2005.<\/em><br\/><br\/><br\/> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><video controls=\"\" poster=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/isbister_history_poster.jpg\" src=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/isbister_history.mp4\"><track src=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/isbisterhistory.en_.vtt\" label=\"English\" srclang=\"en\" kind=\"subtitles\"\/><track src=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/isbisterhistory.zh_.vtt\" label=\"Chinese\" srclang=\"zh\" kind=\"subtitles\"\/><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>O Prof. James Isbister discute a hist\u00f3ria da Gest\u00e3o do Sangue do Doente <\/strong><em>(Passa a 2:30 com legendas em chin\u00eas)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-teal-color has-text-color\">O futuro da gest\u00e3o do sangue dos doentes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A mudan\u00e7a da pr\u00e1tica de transfus\u00e3o padr\u00e3o para a Gest\u00e3o do Sangue do Doente est\u00e1 a ganhar for\u00e7a em todo o mundo. No entanto, trata-se de uma &#8220;mudan\u00e7a de paradigma&#8221; que levar\u00e1 tempo a tornar-se finalmente o novo &#8220;padr\u00e3o de excel\u00eancia&#8221; dos cuidados de sa\u00fade.  <strong>A hist\u00f3ria da gest\u00e3o do sangue dos doentes ainda est\u00e1 a ser escrita.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27001367\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(Artigo: Gest\u00e3o do sangue dos doentes: a vis\u00e3o global).<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es como a International Foundation for Patient Blood Management est\u00e3o na linha da frente desta mudan\u00e7a. Criada em 2015 como uma funda\u00e7\u00e3o su\u00ed\u00e7a sem fins lucrativos, o objetivo da Funda\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 melhorar os resultados dos doentes atrav\u00e9s da promo\u00e7\u00e3o, expans\u00e3o e melhoria da Gest\u00e3o do Sangue do Doente baseada em provas na pr\u00e1tica cl\u00ednica. Orientada pelos maiores especialistas mundiais em PBM e assente na valida\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica e na pr\u00e1tica baseada em provas, a Funda\u00e7\u00e3o promove a educa\u00e7\u00e3o e a forma\u00e7\u00e3o em Gest\u00e3o do Sangue do Doente para permitir a mudan\u00e7a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-red-color has-text-color\">Ler mais<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-medium is-resized\"><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/0470674083-2.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/047067400470674083-2-215x300.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15576\" width=\"273\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/047067400470674083-2-215x300.png 215w, https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/047067400470674083-2.png 734w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Excerto do livro de texto de <em>Medicina e Cirurgia sem Transfus\u00e3o<\/em> (PDF 603kb)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A hist\u00f3ria da transfus\u00e3o de sangue O m\u00e9dico brit\u00e2nico William Harvey descreveu completamente a circula\u00e7\u00e3o e as propriedades do sangue em 1628 e as transfus\u00f5es de sangue foram tentadas sem sucesso pouco tempo depois. 40 anos mais tarde, o m\u00e9dico do rei franc\u00eas Lu\u00eds XIV efectuou a transfus\u00e3o de sangue de uma ovelha para um <a href=\"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/aprenda\/a-historia-da-gestao-do-sangue-dos-doentes\/\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":19123,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"text","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-18963","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18963"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18963\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18972,"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18963\/revisions\/18972"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19123"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/patientbloodmanagement.org\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}